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    The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway relaxes starfish cardiac stomachs, demonstrating its conserved role in smooth muscle regulation across diverse animal groups, including echinoderms.

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    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Biochemistry
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthase (NOS) regulates smooth muscle relaxation via cyclic-GMP (cGMP) in vertebrates.
    • The NO-cGMP pathway's role in non-vertebrate smooth muscle regulation is less understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the presence and function of the NO-cGMP pathway in the cardiac stomach of the starfish Asterias rubens.
    • To determine if NO signaling regulates smooth muscle tone in echinoderms.

    Main Methods:

    • Administered NO donors (hydroxylamine, SNOG, SNAP) and L-arginine to starfish cardiac stomach preparations.
    • Utilized inhibitors of soluble guanylyl cyclase (ODQ) and NO synthase (L-NMMA) to probe the NO-cGMP pathway.
    • Observed effects on cardiac stomach muscle tone (relaxation/contraction).

    Main Results:

    • NO donors and L-arginine induced relaxation of the starfish cardiac stomach.
    • The relaxing effects were inhibited by ODQ and L-NMMA, confirming NO-cGMP pathway involvement.
    • Inhibition of NO or SGC signaling led to cardiac stomach contraction.

    Conclusions:

    • The NO-cGMP pathway is present and functional in the starfish cardiac stomach, regulating smooth muscle relaxation.
    • This signaling pathway is conserved beyond vertebrates, occurring in echinoderms.
    • NO-cGMP-mediated relaxation likely plays a role in starfish feeding behaviors, such as stomach eversion.