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Sex Differences in Aging: Genomic Instability.

Kathleen E Fischer1, Nicole C Riddle1

  • 1Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
|June 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women live longer but experience more illness, with significant sex differences in aging mechanisms like DNA damage. More research is needed to understand these molecular aging differences across species.

Keywords:
DNA damageEpigeneticsGenderSenescenceTelomeres

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Molecular Biology
  • Investigates the biological processes underlying aging and age-related diseases.

Background:

  • Aging is marked by declining function and increased mortality risk.
  • Sex differences in human lifespan and healthspan are well-documented, with women generally living longer but experiencing greater morbidity.
  • Sex differences in aging are less consistent across other species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review sex differences in key molecular mechanisms of aging, including DNA damage, telomere attrition, epigenetics, and nuclear architecture.
  • To assess the consistency of these sex differences across species.
  • To highlight the need for further research into the molecular drivers of aging and sex-specific variations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies examining sex differences in aging at the molecular level.
  • Analysis of data on DNA damage and mutation rates, telomere length, epigenetic modifications, and nuclear structure in relation to sex and aging.
  • Comparative analysis of findings across different species (humans, fruit flies, nematodes, mice).

Main Results:

  • Robust sex differences in aging mechanisms are observed, such as higher DNA damage incidence in males compared to females.
  • These sex differences are not consistently conserved across different species.
  • Data are insufficient to fully determine the impact of sex on many molecular aging processes due to a lack of sex-specific analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Significant sex differences exist in molecular aging processes, particularly in humans.
  • The variability of these differences across species underscores the complexity of aging.
  • There is an urgent need for studies designed to explicitly investigate sex differences in the molecular mechanisms driving aging.