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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Exploring Life History Choices: Using Temperature and Substrate Type as Interacting Factors for Blowfly Larval and Female Preferences
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HERITABILITY OF OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OFFSPRING PERFORMANCE WITHIN A SINGLE INSECT

M C Singer1, D Ng1, C D Thomas1

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Female butterflies show a genetic preference for specific host plants, which benefits their offspring

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Oviposition preference in butterflies can influence offspring survival and population dynamics.
  • Host plant specialization is common in herbivorous insects, but individual variation within populations is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate heritable variation in oviposition preference in the butterfly *Euphydryas editha*.
  • To determine if maternal oviposition preference is correlated with offspring performance on different host plants.
  • To explore the genetic basis of preference-performance correlations.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled experiments with *Euphydryas editha* butterflies and their primary host plants.
  • Assessing oviposition preference of female butterflies.
  • Measuring larval growth and performance on different host plant species.
  • Statistical analysis to evaluate maternal preference, host plant effects, and their interaction on offspring performance.

Main Results:

  • Significant heritable variation in oviposition preference was observed within the *Euphydryas editha* population.
  • Maternal oviposition preference was significantly correlated with offspring performance, with offspring performing better on preferred host plants.
  • A highly significant interaction effect between maternal preference and host plant species on larval performance was detected.
  • Neither maternal preference nor host plant alone explained significant variation in larval performance.

Conclusions:

  • Individual *Euphydryas editha* butterflies exhibit specialization in both host plant preference and offspring performance.
  • The observed preference-performance correlation is likely genetic, suggesting co-evolutionary adaptation within the population.
  • Further research is needed to definitively exclude alternative explanations for the observed correlation.