Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Associative Learning

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

Visual Agnosia

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Examining the Serial Advantage in Fluent and Dysfluent Readers.

Dyslexia (Chichester, England)·2026

Same author

Handgrip strength relates to corticospinal tract microstructure in older adults.

Brain research bulletin·2026

Same author

Portable automated rapid testing for auditory assessment: repeated at-home testing in older adults.

Frontiers in digital health·2026

Same author

Remote Sensory-Cognitive Assessment in Children with Autism: Evaluating Feasibility and Performance Outcomes.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Attraction and repulsion in perception and working memory as complementary outcomes of learning.

Current opinion in neurobiology·2026

Same author

Children's visual word recognition is hampered by adjacent stimuli.

Cognition·2026

Same journal

When criterion control in face matching induces correlation: Commentary on Baker et al. (2026).

Cognition·2026

Same journal

Corrigendum to "Productivity matters for the neural processing of novel words, but not existing ones" Cognition Volume 274 (2026) 106593.

Cognition·2026

Same journal

Investigating the origins of partisanship: What motivates children to preferentially endorse their ingroups' claims?

Cognition·2026

Same journal

People make graded judgments about the inconceivable.

Cognition·2026

Same journal

The self as an image: Appearance and belief in visual representations of one's own face.

Cognition·2026

Same journal

Corrigendum to 'Consonant, vowel, and tone cues in early wordform recognition: Evidence from Cantonese-learning infants' [Cognition 275 (2026) 106624].

Cognition·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Incidental orthographic learning during a color detection task.

Athanassios Protopapas¹, Anna Mitsi², Miltiadis Koustoumbardis²

¹Department of Philosophy and History of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Norway.

|June 6, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Visual perceptual learning can enhance orthographic learning, improving reading and spelling skills in children. This method strengthens visual and phonological connections without requiring articulation, showing potential for educational applications.

Keywords:

Incidental learning Orthographic learning Perceptual learning Reading fluency Spelling

More Related Videos

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Published on: June 29, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Published on: June 29, 2021

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Educational Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Orthographic learning involves acquiring knowledge of spelling patterns and letter sequence constraints.
It is traditionally believed to occur through strengthening simultaneous visual and phonological representations during reading.
Existing methods for orthographic learning often involve explicit reading and spelling tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if visual perceptual learning, without articulation, can lead to orthographic learning.
To determine the effectiveness of task-irrelevant perceptual learning (TIPL) in improving reading and spelling performance.
To explore the transfer and generalization of learning to new words and spelling contexts.

Main Methods:

Utilized a fast-task-irrelevant perceptual learning (TIPL) procedure where stimuli (images, words) were presented in a target color (red) during an easy explicit task (color detection).
Five experiments involved Greek children in Grades 4-5, with a sixth experiment involving children in Grades 2-3.
Varied training intensity and tested recognition, reading, and spelling performance, including generalization to derived word forms.

Main Results:

Children showed increased recognition of trained words and images, with effects persisting post-training and transferring to a new color (blue).
Significant transfer to reading and spelling skills was observed only after increased training intensity.
Younger children (Grades 2-3) demonstrated generalization to untrained words sharing derivational affixes with trained words.

Conclusions:

Visual perceptual learning procedures can effectively induce orthographic learning, enhancing reading and spelling abilities.
Reinforcement signals from target detection strengthen orthography-phonology connections, supporting higher-level orthographic representations.
TIPL offers a novel, potentially more efficient approach to reinforcing orthographic knowledge in educational settings.