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Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Efficient and Robust Software for Automated Fusion of Multiple Preclinical Imaging Modalities

Author Spotlight: An Efficient and Robust Software for Automated Fusion of Multiple Preclinical Imaging Modalities

Published on: October 27, 2023

Virtual scatter modulation for X-ray CT scatter correction using primary modulator.

Hewei Gao¹, Lei Zhu^2,3, Rebecca Fahrig¹

¹Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology

|June 7, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel virtual scatter modulation algorithm significantly reduces aliasing errors in X-ray scatter estimation for improved computed tomography imaging. This method enhances CT number uniformity in reconstructed images, minimizing artifacts.

Keywords:

Primary modulator cone-beam CT scatter correction scatter modulation

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Area of Science:

Medical Physics
Radiological Imaging
Image Processing

Background:

X-ray scatter degrades image quality in computed tomography (CT).
Accurate scatter estimation is crucial for artifact reduction and quantitative imaging.
Existing scatter correction methods can suffer from aliasing errors.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a new scatter estimation algorithm using virtual scatter modulation.
To reduce aliasing errors in scatter estimation for X-ray scatter correction.
To improve CT image quality and quantitative accuracy.

Main Methods:

Developed a virtual scatter modulation technique by dividing the primary-modulated image by the modulation function.
Applied the algorithm to a CatPhan©600 phantom and an anthropomorphic thorax phantom.
Evaluated the algorithm on a tabletop X-ray cone-beam computed tomography system.

Main Results:

The proposed algorithm effectively eliminated oscillations in scatter profiles, unlike the original primary-modulation algorithm.
Significantly reduced CT number nonuniformity from 38.9 HU to 4.5 HU in the Catphan phantom, matching ground truth uniformity.
Achieved overall better CT number uniformity in the anthropomorphic thorax phantom reconstructions.

Conclusions:

Virtual scatter modulation is a promising approach for reducing aliasing errors in X-ray scatter estimation.
The new algorithm leads to substantial improvements in CT image uniformity and artifact reduction.
This technique enhances the diagnostic quality of cone-beam CT images.