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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
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Lights from the Dark: Neural Responses from a Blind Visual Hemifield.

Alice Bollini1, Javier Sanchez-Lopez1,2, Silvia Savazzi1,2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of VeronaVerona, Italy.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|June 8, 2017
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Summary

This study shows a patient with a vision cortex lesion could unconsciously discriminate moving, but not static, stimuli in their blind field. This blindsight phenomenon was linked to specific brain electrical activity, suggesting visual processing without conscious awareness.

Keywords:
blindsightevent related potentialhemianopiaperceptual awareness

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Blindsight describes vision in the absence of conscious awareness.
  • Primary visual cortex (V1) lesions cause hemianopia, a loss of vision in half the visual field.
  • Previous research on blindsight has yielded mixed results regarding stimulus type and neural correlates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate unconscious visual processing in a hemianopic patient.
  • To determine if moving or static stimuli can be discriminated unconsciously.
  • To identify the neural correlates of blindsight using event-related potentials (ERPs).

Main Methods:

  • A patient with a left V1 lesion performed orientation discrimination tasks with moving and static gratings in their blind hemifield.
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to analyze brain activity.
  • Source localization was used to identify brain regions associated with ERP components.

Main Results:

  • The patient demonstrated above-chance orientation discrimination for moving, but not static, gratings presented to the blind hemifield.
  • Specific ERP components (N1, P2a, and a late posterior negative component) were identified.
  • The late posterior negative component correlated with the unconscious discrimination of moving stimuli and was linked to right hemisphere activity.

Conclusions:

  • Unconscious visual processing (blindsight) can occur for moving stimuli even after V1 damage.
  • Specific ERP components reflect aspects of unconscious perception and conscious awareness.
  • Interhemispheric transfer from the intact right hemisphere likely supports blindsight for moving stimuli.