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Functional movement disorders.

Anita Barbey1, Selma Aybek

  • 1Neuropsychosomatic Unit, Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.

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Summary
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This review details clinical signs and tests for diagnosing functional movement disorders (FMDs). Early, multidisciplinary treatment is crucial for these growing neurological conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Functional movement disorders (FMDs) are increasingly researched.
  • Diagnosis relies on specific clinical signs and validated bedside assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation of FMDs.
  • To present evidence on diagnostic bedside signs and paraclinical tests.
  • To differentiate FMDs from other neurological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic criteria and clinical signs.
  • Summary of evidence on the specificity and sensibility of diagnostic tests.
  • Inclusion of recent neuroscience findings on pathophysiology and treatment.

Main Results:

  • FMDs diagnosis is supported by positive clinical signs per DSM-5.
  • A subset of bedside signs has demonstrated validity in controlled studies.
  • Paraclinical tests can confirm the diagnosis of FMDs.

Conclusions:

  • FMDs are a rapidly advancing area in neurology.
  • Clinicians must recognize reliable diagnostic signs for timely intervention.
  • Early, multidisciplinary treatment is recommended for FMDs.