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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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The dynamic interaction between pain and opioid misuse.

Adrianne R Wilson-Poe1, Jose A Morón1

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British Journal of Pharmacology
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Summary

The opioid overdose epidemic, driven by prescription painkillers, continues to rise despite interventions. Understanding the neurobiology of pain and reward is crucial for developing safer pain treatments and combating addiction.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Opioid overdose deaths now exceed motor vehicle accidents in the U.S.
  • Prescription opioids are a primary driver of the current overdose epidemic.
  • Existing interventions like abuse-deterrent formulations and monitoring programs have not curbed rising overdose rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical need for novel pain interventions with reduced abuse potential.
  • To emphasize the lack of mechanistic understanding of pain and opioid abuse.
  • To underscore the importance of characterizing pain neurobiology and its interaction with the brain's reward system.

Main Methods:

  • This article is a review and perspective piece.
  • It synthesizes current understanding of the opioid crisis and pain management.
  • It discusses the limitations of existing strategies and guidelines.

Main Results:

  • The opioid crisis persists despite various control measures.
  • New guidelines for opioid prescription have limitations.
  • Undertreated pain in patients with substance use disorder presents significant challenges.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for innovative pain management strategies that minimize abuse liability.
  • Further research into the neurobiology of pain and its connection to the reward system is essential.
  • Addressing the opioid epidemic requires a deeper mechanistic understanding of pain and addiction.