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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Cardiac and Metabolic Variables in Obese Dogs.

M Tropf1, O L Nelson1, P M Lee1

  • 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
|June 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obese dogs show cardiac changes and metabolic issues like insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. These findings suggest a link between obesity and heart problems in dogs, requiring further investigation.

Keywords:
Metabolic syndromeObesity-related cardiac dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Cardiology
  • Canine Metabolic Health
  • Obesity-related Diseases

Background:

  • Obesity-related cardiac dysfunction (ORCD) is linked to metabolic syndrome in humans.
  • Obese dogs exhibit metabolic syndrome components, suggesting potential for ORCD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate cardiac structure and function in obese dogs compared to ideal weight dogs.
  • To assess metabolic variables in obese dogs versus ideal weight controls.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 46 small-breed dogs (29 obese, 17 ideal weight).
  • Echocardiography (standard and strain) for cardiac assessment.
  • Serum analysis for metabolic variables (insulin:glucose, lipids, adiponectin, inflammatory markers).

Main Results:

  • Obese dogs showed altered cardiac structure (e.g., increased interventricular septal width/LV internal dimension ratio) and function (e.g., decreased inflow velocity ratios, increased fractional shortening/ejection fraction).
  • Metabolic derangements included insulin resistance (increased insulin:glucose), dyslipidemia (increased cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL), decreased adiponectin, and elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, CKC).
  • No significant differences in left ventricular posterior wall width ratios or systolic blood pressure were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Obese dogs exhibit cardiac alterations, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypoadiponectinemia, and increased inflammation compared to ideal weight dogs.
  • These findings highlight the need for further research into inflammation, dyslipidemia, and hypertension's role in canine cardiac dysfunction.