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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.
Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal secretions in common...
Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines01:15

Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
Histamine binds to specific receptor sites, known as H1 receptors, on tissue cells, triggering inflammation and swelling. Antihistamines combat these effects by competing with histamine for these receptor sites. By...
Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...

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Allergic Rhinitis and Sinusitis.

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Changes in foot volume and capillary fragility during continuous cold exposure and starvation.

Technical report, CP. Quartermaster Research & Development Center (U.S.). Chemicals and Plastics Division·2014
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Insect sting allergy with negative venom skin test responses.

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Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. World Health Organization. American academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
10:22

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

Newer antihistaminic agents.

P S Norman

    The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
    |August 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary

    Two novel antihistamines, terfenadine and astemizole, offer sustained allergy relief without sedation or anticholinergic effects. These H1-antagonists provide a new, safer option for allergy treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Allergy Treatment

    Background:

    • Current antihistamines often cause side effects like sedation and anticholinergic activity.
    • There is a need for antihistamines with improved safety profiles and sustained action.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce two new antihistamines, terfenadine and astemizole.
    • To highlight their unique pharmacological properties and potential benefits over existing treatments.

    Main Methods:

    • The abstract does not specify methods, but implies pharmacological characterization.
    • Focus on H1-antagonist activity, lack of anticholinergic/sympathetic effects, and central nervous system penetration.

    Main Results:

    • Terfenadine and astemizole are primarily H1-antagonists.

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  • They lack anticholinergic and sympathetic activities.
  • These drugs do not penetrate the central nervous system, thus avoiding sedative effects.
  • They exhibit long-acting properties, allowing for less frequent dosing.

    • Conclusions:

    • Terfenadine and astemizole represent a new class of antihistamines.
    • They offer sustained antihistaminic action with a reduced side effect profile.
    • These agents provide a safer alternative for managing allergic conditions.