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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Position paper on olfactory dysfunction.

T Hummel1, K L Whitcroft1, P Andrews2

  • 1Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Rhinology
|June 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardizing olfactory dysfunction research is crucial for developing effective smell loss treatments. Recommendations include specific examination techniques and validated psychophysical tests for improved consistency and generalizability.

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Area of Science:

  • Olfactory dysfunction research
  • Translational science in chemosensation

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction impacts quality of life and is linked to neurodegeneration.
  • Research is hindered by inconsistent methodologies in defining and assessing smell loss.
  • Effective treatments for smell loss remain limited due to research heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose recommendations for standardized research in olfactory dysfunction.
  • To encourage a common language and methodology in the field.
  • To improve the quality, consistency, and generalizability of olfactory research.

Main Methods:

  • Recommend comprehensive head and neck examination, including nasal endoscopy.
  • Advocate for validated psychophysical tests (odour threshold, identification, discrimination) over subjective assessment alone.
  • Suggest integrating gustatory screening and considering smell training for olfactory loss.

Main Results:

  • Standardized assessment protocols are proposed to address research heterogeneity.
  • Specific recommendations aim to improve the reliability and validity of olfactory testing.
  • The study provides a framework for high-quality, comparable research in smell disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Adoption of a common language and methodology will enhance research quality.
  • Standardized approaches are essential for advancing the understanding and treatment of olfactory dysfunction.
  • The proposed recommendations aim to foster consistency and generalizability in the field.