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Related Concept Videos

Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins01:25

Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins

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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:26

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

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Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
Integral transmembrane proteins possess transmembrane and extra membrane domains. The transmembrane domains are primarily made of 20-25 hydrophobic amino acids arranged in a helical secondary confirmation. These...
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Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:29

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The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
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Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels01:09

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In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as...
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Introduction to Membrane Proteins01:16

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein
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Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein

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Pull-and-Paste of Single Transmembrane Proteins.

Tetiana Serdiuk1, Stefania A Mari1, Daniel J Müller1

  • 1Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich , 4058 Basel, Switzerland.

Nano Letters
|June 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to mechanically unfold and refold membrane proteins like lactose permease (LacY) into membranes. This technique, using the YidC insertase, reveals stepwise insertion pathways and aids in reconstituting membrane proteins.

Keywords:
Membrane protein insertion and foldingYidC insertaseatomic force microscopyfolding pathwaymechanical reconstitutionsingle-molecule force spectroscopy

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein
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Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Membrane Protein Biogenesis
  • Protein Folding and Insertion

Background:

  • The mechanisms by which complex cytoplasmic membrane proteins insert and fold into cellular membranes remain poorly understood.
  • Existing methods are insufficient for investigating the dynamic process of polypeptide insertion and folding within membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel method for mechanically manipulating and reconstituting polytopic α-helical membrane proteins.
  • To investigate the insertion and folding pathways of the lactose permease (LacY) in phospholipid membranes.

Main Methods:

  • Mechanical unfolding and extraction of single lactose permease (LacY) molecules from phospholipid membranes.
  • Transport of unfolded polypeptides to a new membrane for insertion and refolding.
  • Utilizing the transmembrane chaperone YidC in the absence of the SecYEG translocon.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful insertion and refolding of LacY into a native structure.
  • Observed that LacY insertion occurs in a stepwise, stochastic manner.
  • Identified multiple coexisting pathways for membrane protein folding.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides new avenues for studying membrane protein insertion and folding.
  • Enables mechanical reconstitution of membrane proteins with high spatial precision and stoichiometric control.
  • Facilitates functional programming of synthetic and biological membranes.