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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Heart Rate01:30

Factors Influencing Heart Rate

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The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...
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Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

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Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
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The regulation of heart rate is a complex process controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hormonal influences, and intrinsic cardiac mechanisms. The ANS has two main components: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
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Several physiological and lifestyle factors influence blood pressure (BP). Understanding these factors is crucial as they are significant in patient education and blood pressure management.
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Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Echocardiographic Characterization of Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Coronary Flow in Neonate Mice
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Does young age really put the heart at risk?

Michael Belanger1, Luke Tan1, Carin Wittnich2,1

  • 1b Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
|June 20, 2017
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Younger children and those with lower body weight may experience worse outcomes after heart surgery due to unfavorable myocardial metabolic profiles, impacting recovery and intensive care unit stays.

Keywords:
body weightcœurenergyheartintervention chirurgicalemyocardial metabolismmétabolisme myocardiquepoids corporelsurgeryénergie

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery Outcomes
  • Neonatal Physiology

Background:

  • Despite advances, some pediatric heart patients face poorer outcomes.
  • Younger age and lower body weight are potential risk factors for adverse responses.
  • Newborn hearts show reduced tolerance to ischemia and altered metabolic profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on risk factors impacting pediatric heart surgery outcomes.
  • To investigate the role of young age and reduced body weight in surgical outcomes.
  • To explore the correlation between myocardial energetic state and postoperative complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of evidence-based findings on pediatric cardiac surgery outcomes.
  • Analysis of factors including age, body weight, and metabolic profiles.
  • Correlation of myocardial energetic state with body weight and postoperative support.

Main Results:

  • Newborn hearts exhibit poorer ischemia tolerance and at-risk metabolic profiles.
  • Heparin administration during surgery can increase detrimental free fatty acids.
  • Lower body weight in newborns with congenital heart disease correlated with poorer myocardial energetic state.
  • Poorer energetic state linked to longer ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) stay.

Conclusions:

  • Unfavorable myocardial metabolic profiles may contribute to worse outcomes in pediatric heart surgery.
  • Younger age and lower body weight are associated with compromised myocardial energetics.
  • Findings suggest a link between metabolic state and postoperative recovery in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery.