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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Crenarchaeota, a prominent phylum of Archaea, is remarkable for its ability to thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and acidity. These microorganisms inhabit sulfuric hot springs, volcanic systems, and submarine hydrothermal vents, where temperatures often exceed 100°C. The unique adaptations of Crenarchaeota not only allow survival under such extreme conditions but also provide insights into the mechanisms of life in primordial Earth-like...
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Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
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A null model for microbial diversification.

Timothy J Straub1, Olga Zhaxybayeva2,3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) species diversity may arise from random processes, not just selection. A new birth-death model serves as a null hypothesis for studying bacterial speciation.

Keywords:
bacterial speciesgenetic driftneutral evolutionpathogen typingprokaryotic diversity

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • The existence of prokaryotic species comparable to animals or plants is debated.
  • Understanding prokaryotic diversity is crucial for estimating species counts and ecological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test whether observed prokaryotic genetic diversity patterns align with null models of evolution.
  • To propose a null hypothesis for prokaryotic speciation studies.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations of lineage birth and death with random genetic drift.
  • Analysis of core and phylogenetic marker genes in select prokaryotic genera.
  • Comparison of empirical data against null model expectations.

Main Results:

  • Genetic diversity patterns in *Escherichia*, *Neisseria*, and *Borrelia* were generally consistent with the null model.
  • Deviations from the null model were observed in *Helicobacter pylori* and some individual genes.
  • The proposed birth-death model provides a baseline for evaluating evolutionary forces.

Conclusions:

  • Observed prokaryotic genetic clustering may not always indicate selective speciation.
  • A null hypothesis approach is recommended for prokaryotic speciation research.
  • Deviations from the null model highlight potential roles of unknown evolutionary forces.