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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

64
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
64
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

1.5K
Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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A Mouse Ear Model for Allergic Contact Dermatitis Evaluation
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Allergic contact dermatitis from ophthalmics.

Yue Zheng1, Paru R Chaudhari2, Howard I Maibach3

  • 1a Department of Dermato-Venereology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology
|June 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Allergens in eye drops and contact lens solutions can cause allergic contact dermatitis. This article reviews these allergens and diagnostic testing methods for this condition.

Keywords:
Allergic contact dermatitisophthalmicsophthalmologics

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Dermatology
  • Allergology

Background:

  • Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a significant concern in ophthalmic practice.
  • Ophthalmic drugs and contact lens solutions are common culprits.
  • Identifying specific allergens is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recently identified allergens causing ACD from ophthalmic products.
  • To emphasize the importance of appropriate diagnostic testing.
  • To provide guidance on diagnostic approaches for this clinical entity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of allergens in ophthalmic drugs and contact lens solutions.
  • Discussion of diagnostic testing protocols for suspected ACD.
  • Clinical case examples illustrating diagnostic challenges.

Main Results:

  • Several allergens in ophthalmic preparations have been newly identified.
  • Diagnostic testing, particularly patch testing, is essential for confirmation.
  • Specialized testing is required due to the unique nature of ocular exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness of emerging allergens in ophthalmic products is critical.
  • Standardized diagnostic testing is necessary for accurate diagnosis of ocular ACD.
  • Improved diagnostic strategies can lead to better patient outcomes.