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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Introduction
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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Development of air-stable hydrogen evolution catalysts.

Biswajit Mondal1, Abhishek Dey

  • 1Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India. icad@iacs.res.in.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
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Summary

Developing air-stable catalysts is crucial for efficient hydrogen production from water. This research highlights oxygen-tolerant catalysts, overcoming a key barrier for renewable energy applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Renewable Energy
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogen production via water reduction is vital for clean energy.
  • Non-noble metal catalysts for proton reduction are under active development.
  • Existing catalysts often degrade in the presence of oxygen, limiting practical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the critical issue of oxygen sensitivity in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts.
  • To highlight the development of oxygen-tolerant HER catalysts for practical applications.
  • To discuss challenges and solutions for air-stable hydrogen production catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HER catalysts.
  • Analysis of challenges posed by oxygen and contaminants in water.
  • Exploration of strategies for developing air-stable enzymatic and artificial catalysts.

Main Results:

  • Identified oxygen sensitivity as a major limitation for current HER catalysts.
  • Highlighted the progress in developing a few air-stable HER catalysts.
  • Showcased techniques developed to overcome oxygen-related catalyst deactivation.

Conclusions:

  • Air-stable hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts are essential for large-scale, sustainable hydrogen production.
  • Overcoming oxygen sensitivity is key to realizing the potential of non-noble metal catalysts.
  • Further research into robust and efficient HER catalysts is needed for widespread adoption.