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Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Endemic Viruses and Lethal Brain Disease
Sheila A Haley1, Walter J Atwood1
1Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; email: sheila_haley@brown.edu , walter_atwood@brown.edu.
Annual Review of Virology
|June 23, 2017
Summary
Human polyomaviruses, including JC virus, are common but usually harmless. Recent discoveries highlight their role in rare cancers and the evolution of JC virus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Neuroscience
- Oncology
Background:
- Human polyomaviruses, such as JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV), are widespread globally.
- Initially discovered in 1971, JCV causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare demyelinating disease.
- Over eleven new human polyomaviruses have been identified in recent years, with some linked to rare cancers.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a historical overview of human polyomaviruses.
- To examine the evolution of JCV-induced PML across different time periods.
- To synthesize current knowledge and identify future research directions regarding JCV pathogenesis.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and historical analysis of polyomavirus discoveries.
- Examination of epidemiological data and clinical case studies of PML.
- Synthesis of virological, immunological, and pathological findings related to JCV.
Main Results:
- JCV and BKV are endemic in the human population, typically causing asymptomatic infections.
- The discovery of numerous novel human polyomaviruses has expanded our understanding of this viral family.
- JCV is the causative agent of PML, a severe neurological disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Conclusions:
- Understanding the transition of JCV from a mostly harmless endemic virus to a cause of lethal disease is crucial.
- Further research is needed to elucidate the complex biology of JCV and its association with PML and cancer.
- Continued surveillance and research into human polyomaviruses are essential for public health.
