mRNA localization in metazoans: A structural perspective

Asymmetric localization of mRNAs is a widespread gene regulatory mechanism that is crucial for many cellular processes. The localization of a transcript involves multiple steps and requires several protein factors to mediate transport, anchoring and translational repression of the mRNA. Specific recognition of the localizing transcript is a key step that depends on linear or structured localization signals, which are bound by RNA-binding proteins. Genetic studies have identified many components involved in mRNA localization. However, mechanistic aspects of the pathway are still poorly understood. Here we provide an overview of structural studies that contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying mRNA localization, highlighting open questions and future challenges.