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Related Concept Videos

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
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Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
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The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
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Functional Classification of Joints
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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Scapulothoracic Joint Dysfunction.

Joseph Ugorji1, Stephen J Pomeranz

  • 1ProScan Imaging, LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio. jugorji@proscan.com.

Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances
|June 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scapulothoracic derangements, often missed, involve the scapula and surrounding structures. This review highlights key imaging findings for these complex shoulder, back, and rib conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Scapulothoracic derangements are frequently misdiagnosed.
  • Symptoms can be complex, involving the back, shoulder, and ribs.
  • These conditions are often overlooked in clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss scapulothoracic pathologies.
  • To highlight characteristic imaging findings.
  • To improve diagnosis of overlooked scapulothoracic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 200 imaging studies.
  • Studies focused on scapular imaging using MRI and CT.
  • Data collected between January 2010 and May 2016.

Main Results:

  • Identification of various scapulothoracic pathologies.
  • Detailed description of associated imaging findings.
  • Analysis of prevalence and presentation of derangements.

Conclusions:

  • Scapulothoracic derangements require specific attention.
  • Advanced imaging (MRI, CT) is crucial for diagnosis.
  • Understanding imaging findings aids clinical management.