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Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
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Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
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"Half-sandwich" Schiff-base Ir(III) complexes as anticancer agents.

Ze-Dong Mou1, Ning Deng1, Feng Zhang2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, China.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
|June 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

New iridium(III) complexes show potent anticancer activity. Compound 10c effectively kills leukemia K562 cells and other cancer types by inducing apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.

Keywords:
Antiproliferative activitiesApoptosisReactive oxygen speciesSchiff-base Ir(III) complexes

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Schiff-base ligands are versatile in coordination chemistry.
  • Iridium(III) complexes are explored for therapeutic applications.
  • Leukemia and other cancers present significant therapeutic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel "half-sandwich" Schiff-base Iridium(III) complexes.
  • To assess the in vitro antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of action for promising compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Schiff-base Iridium(III) complexes.
  • In vitro cytotoxicity assays against K562, K562/A02, MCF-7, MCF-7/ADM, and A549 cell lines.
  • Flow cytometry to analyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and mitochondrial membrane potential.
  • Western blotting to determine protein expression levels (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, cytochrome c).

Main Results:

  • Synthesized complexes exhibited antiproliferative activity against K562 cells (IC50: 0.26-4.77 μM).
  • Compound 10c displayed significant cytotoxicity across five cancer cell lines/sublines, outperforming cisplatin in K562 and K562/A02 cells.
  • Compound 10c induced apoptosis in K562 cells by increasing ROS, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and Bcl-2, and increasing Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and cytochrome c release.

Conclusions:

  • "Half-sandwich" Schiff-base Iridium(III) complexes possess potent anticancer properties.
  • Compound 10c is a promising candidate for further investigation due to its broad cytotoxicity and favorable mechanism of action.
  • The observed apoptosis induction via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway highlights the therapeutic potential of these iridium complexes.