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Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Such genes that act...
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Synthetic lethality and cancer.

Nigel J O'Neil1, Melanie L Bailey1, Philip Hieter1

  • 1Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|June 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Synthetic lethality exploits gene pairs lethal only when both are perturbed, offering cancer treatment avenues. Identifying these interactions aids targeted therapies by analyzing tumor mutations and gene expression data.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Synthetic lethality describes gene pairs where individual gene disruption is viable, but simultaneous disruption is lethal.
  • Exploiting synthetic lethality is crucial for developing novel cancer therapies.
  • Next-generation sequencing technologies facilitate the discovery of numerous tumor-specific mutations and gene expression alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of identifying and mechanistically characterizing synthetic lethal genetic interactions.
  • To discuss the potential of leveraging tumor-specific mutations and gene expression alterations for targeted cancer therapy.
  • To emphasize the role of integrating genetic interaction data from diverse sources for therapeutic translation.

Main Methods:

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  • Review of advances in next-generation sequencing for identifying genetic interactions.
  • Synthesis of genetic interaction data from model organisms, tumor genomes, and human cell lines.
  • Focus on mechanistic characterization of identified synthetic lethal interactions.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of numerous potential synthetic lethal targets through next-generation sequencing.
    • Demonstration of the feasibility of targeting tumor-specific alterations via synthetic lethality.
    • Integration of data from multiple sources to build a comprehensive understanding of synthetic lethal interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • Synthetic lethality presents a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy.
    • Further research integrating diverse genetic data is essential for clinical translation.
    • Mechanistic understanding of synthetic lethal interactions is key to successful therapeutic application.