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Related Concept Videos

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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations
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Promoting transcription over long distances.

Rui R Catarino1, Christoph Neumayr1, Alexander Stark1

  • 1Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.

Nature Genetics
|June 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Promoters and enhancers were once thought distinct, but new research reveals promoters can act as long-range enhancers. These findings demonstrate promoters regulating distal gene transcription in vivo.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Traditionally, gene regulatory elements like promoters and enhancers were considered functionally distinct.
  • Recent evidence suggests a blurring of these functional definitions.
  • Understanding the precise roles of these elements is crucial for deciphering gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dual functionality of gene promoters as long-range enhancers.
  • To determine if promoters can regulate the transcription of distal genes in vivo.
  • To challenge the established paradigm of distinct promoter and enhancer roles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in vivo studies to assess gene regulation.
  • Employed techniques to identify and characterize promoter and enhancer activities.

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  • Analyzed the transcriptional regulation of distal genes in response to promoter function.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified specific promoters exhibiting enhancer-like activity.
    • Demonstrated that these promoters can influence the transcription of genes located at a distance.
    • Provided in vivo evidence for promoters functioning as long-range enhancers.

    Conclusions:

    • Promoters can possess enhancer functions, regulating distal gene transcription.
    • Challenges the long-held view of promoters and enhancers as separate entities.
    • Highlights the complex and dynamic nature of gene regulatory elements.