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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

19.0K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Unit Cells01:18

Unit Cells

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A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...
12
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

21.1K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
21.1K
The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

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Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific...
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Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
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How Cubic Can Ice Be?

Andrew J Amaya1, Harshad Pathak1, Viraj P Modak1

  • 1William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|June 29, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied ice crystal structure in tiny water droplets using an X-ray laser. They found that rapidly freezing nanodrops primarily form a metastable cubic ice structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Understanding ice nucleation and crystal formation is crucial for atmospheric science and materials research.
  • Homogeneous ice nucleation in supercooled water remains a complex phenomenon, especially at the nanoscale.
  • Previous studies often focused on larger water samples or different nucleation conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of ice formed via homogeneous nucleation in deeply supercooled water nanodrops.
  • To investigate the influence of nanoscale confinement and rapid freezing on ice polymorph formation.
  • To compare experimental findings with results from molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a supersonic nozzle to generate water nanodrops (radius ≈ 10 nm) at ~225 K.
  • Employed femtosecond wide-angle X-ray scattering (FAXS) at a free-electron X-ray laser for probing.
  • Analyzed X-ray diffraction spectra within 100 microseconds of freezing.

Main Results:

  • Identified a metastable, predominantly cubic crystal structure in the nanodroplet ice.
  • The diffraction peak shape indicated stacking-disordered ice with a cubicity value (χ) of 0.78 ± 0.05.
  • Observed higher cubicity compared to micron-sized drops, aligning with molecular dynamics simulations.

Conclusions:

  • The observed cubic ice structure in nanodrops is attributed to extremely low freezing temperatures and rapid, microsecond-timescale freezing.
  • Nanoscale effects and rapid dynamics significantly influence the resulting ice crystal structure.
  • Findings provide critical experimental data for validating models of ice nucleation and phase transitions.