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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
Major...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Author Spotlight: Studying the Impact of Maternal Dietary Deficiencies on Long-Term Offspring Health Outcomes
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Author Spotlight: Studying the Impact of Maternal Dietary Deficiencies on Long-Term Offspring Health Outcomes

Published on: June 28, 2024

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Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Ralph Green1, Lindsay H Allen2, Anne-Lise Bjørke-Monsen3

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, 4400 V Street, PATH Building, Davis, California 95817, USA.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|June 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is crucial for cellular metabolism. Subclinical deficiency is common, affecting diagnosis and management strategies, especially in at-risk populations.

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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure
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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is vital for DNA synthesis, methylation, and mitochondrial function.
  • While overt deficiency is rare, subclinical B12 deficiency impacts 2.5–26% of the population, with unclear clinical relevance.
  • Elderly, infants, children, adolescents, and women of reproductive age are particularly vulnerable, especially with restricted dietary intake of animal-derived foods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on Vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • To highlight advancements in diagnostic methods for B12 status.
  • To discuss evolving concepts regarding the prevalence, causes, and manifestations of B12 deficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Vitamin B12 metabolism and deficiency.
  • Analysis of diagnostic biomarkers including total B12, transcobalamin-bound B12, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid.
  • Discussion of management strategies involving oral and parenteral B12 supplementation.

Main Results:

  • Subclinical Vitamin B12 deficiency is more prevalent than overt deficiency, with diagnostic cut-offs still debated.
  • Inadequate intake, malabsorption, and disrupted transport/cellular uptake are key causes of B12 deficiency.
  • Biomarkers like homocysteine and methylmalonic acid aid in assessing B12 status, alongside direct B12 measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Vitamin B12 deficiency requires considering both clinical and subclinical forms.
  • Improved diagnostic tools are crucial for accurate B12 status assessment.
  • Effective management strategies are essential for addressing B12 deficiency across diverse populations.