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Related Concept Videos

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
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Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

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The Collision Theory
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The Arrhenius equation,
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Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
The activity coefficient is a measure of the deviation from ideal behavior. When the ionic strength of the solution is minimal, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to unity, making...
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Heat is a widely used method to control microbial growth by targeting and denaturing cellular proteins, thereby killing or inactivating microbes. This method's effectiveness is quantified using parameters such as the thermal death point (TDP), thermal death time (TDT), and decimal reduction time (D value). TDP represents the lowest temperature at which all microorganisms in a liquid suspension are eliminated within 10 minutes, whereas TDT is the time necessary to achieve sterilization at a...
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Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Effective temperature concept evaluated in an active colloid mixture.

Ming Han1, Jing Yan2, Steve Granick3

  • 1Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate how an effective temperature can quantitatively describe nonequilibrium systems. This finding extends thermodynamic analysis to systems driven by external energy, revealing universal behaviors typically seen in equilibrium thermodynamics.

Keywords:
active mattercolloidnonequilibriumtemperaturethermodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Thermal energy drives agitation and influences ordering in physical systems.
  • The concept of effective temperature for nonequilibrium systems has been proposed but lacked clear thermodynamic validation.
  • Understanding effective temperature is crucial for analyzing systems driven by external energy input.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence and applicability of effective temperature in a driven colloidal system.
  • To demonstrate that effective temperature can serve as a quantitative thermodynamic control parameter in nonequilibrium conditions.
  • To establish a link between nonequilibrium dynamics and equilibrium statistical thermodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a two-component system of driven Janus colloids.
  • Utilizing external energy sources to induce agitation and collisions within the system.
  • Analyzing the system's behavior for hallmarks of statistical thermodynamics, including phase diagrams and displacement distributions.

Main Results:

  • The driven Janus colloid system exhibited quantitative agreement with statistical thermodynamics.
  • Observed hallmarks include an archetypal phase diagram with equilibrium critical exponents.
  • Demonstrated Gaussian displacement distributions and capillarity, characteristic of equilibrium systems.

Conclusions:

  • Effective temperature can quantitatively describe certain classes of nonequilibrium systems.
  • Thermodynamic analysis, including equilibrium critical exponents, can be extended to decidedly nonequilibrium systems.
  • The study validates the concept of effective temperature as a thermodynamic control parameter in driven colloidal systems.