Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

8.4K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
8.4K
Null and Alternative Hypotheses01:16

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

13.0K
The actual hypothesis testing begins by considering two hypotheses. They are termed  the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.
The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 is a statement of no difference between the variables—they are not related. This can often be considered the status quo. As  a result if you cannot accept the null, it requires some action.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is a claim about the...
13.0K
Hypothesis: Accept or Fail to Reject?01:17

Hypothesis: Accept or Fail to Reject?

29.7K
The outcome of any hypothesis testing leads to rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. This decision is taken based on the analysis of the data, an appropriate test statistic, an appropriate confidence level, the critical values, and P-values. However, when the evidence suggests that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, is it right to say, 'Accept' the null hypothesis?
There are two ways to indicate that the null hypothesis is not rejected. 'Accept' the null...
29.7K
Deductive Reasoning01:16

Deductive Reasoning

70.7K
Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...
70.7K
Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

25.9K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
25.9K
Understanding Deception01:14

Understanding Deception

201
Deception is a pervasive aspect of human communication. Empirical studies have shown that most individuals engage in some form of deceit on a daily basis, with approximately 20% of social exchanges involving deceptive elements. Lying follows a developmental trajectory, peaking during adolescence and declining with age, possibly due to the maturation of cognitive control and social accountability.Cognitive and Social Factors in Deception DetectionDespite its prevalence, accurately detecting...
201

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Postpartum haemorrhage: epidemiology, consequences, and missed opportunities.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same author

Methods of induction of labour: a network meta-analysis.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews·2026
Same author

Diagnostic criteria for postpartum haemorrhage treatment: a cost-effectiveness study.

The Lancet. Global health·2025
Same author

Cost-effectiveness of endoscopic treatments for obesity: a clinical evidence map and systematic review to inform a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis.

Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)·2025
Same author

Prognostic accuracy of clinical markers of postpartum bleeding in predicting maternal mortality or severe morbidity: a WHO individual participant data meta-analysis.

Lancet (London, England)·2025
Same author

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of interventions to preserve insulin-secreting beta cell function in people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes: results from randomised controlled trials of immunomodulatory therapies.

BMC medicine·2025
Same journal

The mechanics of epistemic justice: a response to Toding et al. and their application of my epistemic approach to dignity.

Theoretical medicine and bioethics·2026
Same journal

Flourishing within vulnerability: on human fragility and the conditions for a habitable environment.

Theoretical medicine and bioethics·2026
Same journal

Camouflaging in autism as a dual-normative construct: a philosophical critique.

Theoretical medicine and bioethics·2026
Same journal

The last low whispers revisited: a reply to Sulmasy on palliative sedation.

Theoretical medicine and bioethics·2026
Same journal

Epistemic justice and the moral status of the dead.

Theoretical medicine and bioethics·2026
Same journal

Practical wisdom in medicine: defending a multidimensional, integrated view of an indispensable virtue.

Theoretical medicine and bioethics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

1.0K

Multiple studies and weak evidential defeat.

Nikk Effingham1, Malcolm J Price2

  • 1Department of Philosophy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics
|July 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Statistical significance in research indicates a potential link between exposure and outcome. This study explores how discovering additional independent studies affects the confidence in that initial finding, arguing it can change based on new results.

Keywords:
BayesianEvidential defeatMultiple testingMultiplicityPhilosophy of epidemiology

More Related Videos

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

40.1K
Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

14.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

1.0K
The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

40.1K
Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

14.6K

Area of Science:

  • Epistemology
  • Philosophy of Science
  • Statistical Inference

Background:

  • Initial studies showing statistically significant correlations increase confidence in a causal link.
  • Theorists debate whether this confidence should change when subsequent, independent studies are revealed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how the discovery of additional independent studies impacts the credence of an initial statistically significant correlation.
  • To challenge the view that credence should remain unchanged regardless of new study outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical analysis of evidential reasoning in scientific discovery.
  • Exploration of Bayesian updating principles in the context of multiple independent studies.
  • Critique of Matthew Kotzen's argument on evidential invariance.

Main Results:

  • The credence in an initial correlation can differ based on the results of subsequent independent studies.
  • The discovery of further studies, whether positive or negative, can alter the evidential support for the original finding.
  • Kotzen's invariance thesis is challenged by considering the full evidential landscape.

Conclusions:

  • The evidential impact of new studies depends on their outcomes.
  • A more nuanced approach to updating belief is necessary when considering multiple lines of evidence.
  • Scientific credence should dynamically adjust with the accumulation of independent research findings.