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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Comparative Excretory Systems02:24

Comparative Excretory Systems

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Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers
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Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

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Nitrogen release from urea with different coatings.

Odirley R Campos1, Edson Marcio Mattiello1, Reinaldo Bertola Cantarutti1

  • 1Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
|July 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Slow-release urea fertilizers significantly reduce ammonia (NH3) gas losses compared to standard urea. Some advanced coatings effectively control nitrogen release and minimize volatilization, improving soil nitrogen dynamics.

Keywords:
N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamidehydrolysisslow-release fertilizevolatilization

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Area of Science:

  • Agronomy
  • Soil Science
  • Environmental Chemistry

Background:

  • Urea fertilizers are crucial for agriculture, but ammonia (NH3) volatilization leads to nitrogen (N) losses.
  • Coatings and urease inhibitors aim to mitigate NH3 losses from urea.
  • Standardized evaluation of N release and soil solution dynamics under controlled conditions is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate nitrogen (N) release patterns from various urea fertilizers under standardized soil conditions.
  • To quantify ammonia (NH3) gas losses associated with different urea formulations.
  • To assess the impact of urea coatings on soil N dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Incubation of urea fertilizers in sandy loam soil chambers.
  • Collection and measurement of ammonia (NH3) gas volatilization.
  • Analysis of soil solution for nitrogen (N) content via centrifugation.

Main Results:

  • Fast-release fertilizers showed rapid urea-N recovery (>93%) within hours.
  • Slow-release fertilizers released less than 40% of urea-N by day 19.
  • Ammonia (NH3) volatilization was 88% lower with slow-release fertilizers compared to prilled urea, accounting for only 3% of applied N.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct N release patterns were observed, significantly altering soil N dynamics.
  • Certain urea coatings effectively delayed N release and reduced NH3 losses.
  • Ineffective coatings did not provide significant benefits in controlling N release or NH3 volatilization.