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Inter-individual Differences in Exercise-Induced Spatial Working Memory Improvement: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Yudai Yamazaki1, Daisuke Sato2, Koya Yamashiro2

  • 1Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan. wtm15009@nuhw.ac.jp.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
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Summary

Mild aerobic exercise boosts cognitive function, but responses vary. Brain activity, specifically in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), during exercise correlates with spatial memory improvements in responders.

Keywords:
Aerobic exerciseFunctional near-infrared spectroscopyInter-individual differenceLow intensitySpatial working memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Acute aerobic exercise, even at mild intensities, can enhance cognitive function.
  • However, significant inter-individual differences exist in exercise-induced cognitive benefits, with underlying neural mechanisms not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate brain factors, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), that explain differential cognitive responses to mild aerobic exercise.
  • To identify neural correlates of improved spatial memory following low-intensity exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Fourteen healthy participants underwent low-intensity cycling exercise (30% VO2peak) for 10 minutes.
  • Spatial memory tasks (1-dot and 3-dot EXERCISE) were administered pre- and post-exercise.
  • Cortical oxy-hemoglobin (O2Hb) levels in the prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, VLPFC, FPA) were measured using fNIRS.

Main Results:

  • Mild exercise significantly improved reaction times for the 1-dot spatial memory task but not the 3-dot task.
  • Responders (improved reaction time) showed higher O2Hb levels in the right VLPFC during exercise compared to non-responders for the 1-dot task.
  • Inter-individual differences in spatial memory improvement were linked to prefrontal O2Hb changes during the exercise bout, not the memory task itself.

Conclusions:

  • Acute mild exercise elicits variable improvements in spatial working memory.
  • Higher O2Hb reactivity in the VLPFC during mild exercise may predict greater spatial memory enhancement.
  • These findings suggest prefrontal cortical activity during exercise is a key factor in individual cognitive responses to physical activity.