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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

A Mouse Ear Model for Allergic Contact Dermatitis Evaluation
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Allergic contact dermatitis to acrylates.

P Romita1, C Foti1, L Masciopinto1,2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy.

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents
|July 8, 2017
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Summary

Allergic contact dermatitis from acrylates is common in dental and nail professionals. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) effectively identified all acrylate-sensitized patients in a recent study.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Dermatology
  • Allergology

Background:

  • Acrylates and methacrylates are reactive monomers used in diverse applications like glues, coatings, and plastics.
  • Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to acrylates often presents occupationally in dental workers and nail technicians.
  • Clinical ACD manifestations vary by contact site, with hand eczema, pulpitis, and stomatitis common in non-occupational cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frequency of acrylate sensitization.
  • To identify the most common acrylate sensitizers.
  • To evaluate 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) as a potential screening allergen for acrylate allergy.

Main Methods:

  • A study was conducted from January 2013 to December 2014.
  • 217 patients with suspected contact dermatitis underwent patch testing with an extended acrylate series.
  • Testing was performed at the Dermatology and Allergology Units of the University Hospital of Bari.

Main Results:

  • Seven patients (3.2%) exhibited positive patch test reactions to acrylates.
  • Reactions were linked to artificial nails in 2 beauticians and dental prostheses in 5 patients.
  • 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) successfully identified 100% of acrylate-sensitized individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Acrylate sensitization is a significant concern in occupational settings, particularly in dentistry and nail care.
  • 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) demonstrates high efficacy as a screening allergen for acrylate allergy.
  • Patch testing with an extended acrylate series is crucial for diagnosing ACD in at-risk populations.