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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Pedicle Screw Placement Using an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display in a Porcine Model
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Cadaveric study for ideal dorsal pedicle screw entry point.

Sandeep Sonone1, Aditya Anand Dahapute1, Mahendra Pal1

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Journal of Craniovertebral Junction & Spine
|July 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Identifying the superior articular notch provides a consistent landmark for thoracic pedicle screw placement. This anatomical guide helps surgeons achieve accurate screw insertion and maintain spinal stability.

Keywords:
Cadaveric studydorsal vertebranotchpedicular screwtransverse process

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Spinal Instrumentation

Background:

  • Accurate thoracic pedicle screw placement is crucial for spinal fusion and stability.
  • Identifying reliable anatomical landmarks is essential to minimize pedicle violation and optimize screw trajectory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the precise anatomical entry point for dorsal pedicular screws in the thoracic spine.
  • To evaluate the utility of the superior articular notch as a consistent landmark for thoracic pedicle screw instrumentation.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of ten human cadavers (four male, six female) to examine thoracic spine anatomy.
  • Bilateral analysis of pedicles from the first to twelfth thoracic vertebrae, preserving bony landmarks.
  • Confirmation of normal anatomy in all specimens prior to dissection.

Main Results:

  • The superior articular notch and transverse process relate to the superior third of the pedicle in the upper thoracic spine (T1-T5).
  • This relationship shifts to the middle third of the pedicle in the lower thoracic spine (T7-T12).
  • The inferior third of the pedicle showed no consistent relation to these landmarks at any thoracic level.

Conclusions:

  • The superior articular notch serves as a constant and reliable anatomical landmark for thoracic pedicle screw entry.
  • Utilizing this notch can guide surgeons to an ideal entry point, potentially reducing pedicle violations and enhancing instrumentation stability.