Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

23.4K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
23.4K
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

34.4K
The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
34.4K
The Central Dogma01:25

The Central Dogma

141.7K
Overview
141.7K
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

5.2K
DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
5.2K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

10.0K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
10.0K
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

10.7K
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
10.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Editorial: Synthetic biology and therapeutic applications of transfer RNA.

Frontiers in genetics·2024
Same author

Safety switch optimization enhances antibody-mediated elimination of CAR T cells.

Frontiers in molecular medicine·2024
Same author

Replacing a Cysteine Ligand by Selenocysteine in a [NiFe]-Hydrogenase Unlocks Hydrogen Production Activity and Addresses the Role of Concerted Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Electrocatalytic Reversibility.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2024
Same author

Engineered mRNA-ribosome fusions for facile biosynthesis of selenoproteins.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024
Same author

tRNA shape is an identity element for an archaeal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase from the human gut.

Nucleic acids research·2023
Same author

In vivo selection of synthetic nucleocapsids for tissue targeting.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli
11:08

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

7.4K

Rewriting the Genetic Code.

Takahito Mukai1, Marc J Lajoie2, Markus Englert1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511;

Annual Review of Microbiology
|July 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rewriting the genetic code allows for new biological functions, like creating novel proteins with noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). This research explores methods for stably expanding the genetic code for sustained in vivo function.

Keywords:
codon usagegenetic codeorthogonalsynthetic biologytranslation engineering

More Related Videos

Residue-Specific Exchange of Proline by Proline Analogs in Fluorescent Proteins: How "Molecular Surgery" of the Backbone Affects Folding and Stability
10:31

Residue-Specific Exchange of Proline by Proline Analogs in Fluorescent Proteins: How "Molecular Surgery" of the Backbone Affects Folding and Stability

Published on: February 3, 2022

3.5K
Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System
11:47

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

16.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 26, 2026

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli
11:08

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

7.4K
Residue-Specific Exchange of Proline by Proline Analogs in Fluorescent Proteins: How "Molecular Surgery" of the Backbone Affects Folding and Stability
10:31

Residue-Specific Exchange of Proline by Proline Analogs in Fluorescent Proteins: How "Molecular Surgery" of the Backbone Affects Folding and Stability

Published on: February 3, 2022

3.5K
Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System
11:47

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

16.5K

Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The genetic code is fundamental for life, translating genomes into proteins.
  • This code is highly conserved across natural organisms.
  • Expanding the genetic code offers potential for novel biological functions and synthetic organism isolation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review design considerations and technologies for expanding the genetic code.
  • To explore methods for sustained in vivo function of an expanded genetic code.
  • To deepen understanding of genome design and canonical genetic code evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Discusses integrated approaches for recoding genomes.
  • Highlights the introduction of new translation machinery.
  • Reviews technologies for stabilizing expanded genetic codes in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Transient production of proteins with noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) is possible.
  • Sustained in vivo function requires integrated genome recoding and new translation systems.
  • Avoiding compromise of viability and endogenous pathways is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Expanding the genetic code enables novel protein chemistries and organismal isolation.
  • Rewriting the genetic code provides insights into genome design and evolution.
  • Further research into integrated systems is needed for stable genetic code expansion.