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Gas Evolution in Activated-Carbon-Based Supercapacitors with Protic Deep Eutectic Solvent as Electrolyte.

Satyajit Phadke1, Samia Amara1, Mérièm Anouti1

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Summary

This study explores a novel protic deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte for activated carbon electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). The LiFSI/FMD electrolyte shows high ionicity and reversible gas generation, improving supercapacitor aging and energy density.

Keywords:
carbondeep eutectic solventselectrochemistryelectrolytessupercapacitors

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Supercapacitor aging is often caused by irreversible reactions near the voltage limit, leading to gas production, swelling, and capacitance loss.
  • Protic deep eutectic solvents (DES) offer potential as electrolytes due to their unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate a LiFSI/FMD protic DES as an electrolyte for activated carbon (AC)-based electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs).
  • Characterize electrolyte properties and assess its impact on supercapacitor performance and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized and characterized LiFSI/FMD DES electrolyte (xLiFSI = 0.25).
  • Measured electrolyte viscosity, conductivity, and ionicity across a temperature range.
  • Performed in situ pressure measurements (dP/dt) during cycling to quantify gas generation.
  • Conducted cell aging studies to evaluate long-term performance.

Main Results:

  • The LiFSI/FMD electrolyte exhibited high salt dissociation (>88%) and good ionic conductivity.
  • In situ pressure measurements revealed that approximately 25% of gas-generating reactions are electrochemically reversible.
  • AC-based EDLCs using this electrolyte demonstrated promising aging characteristics and achieved high energy densities (~30 Wh/kg at 2.4 V).

Conclusions:

  • The LiFSI/FMD protic DES is a viable electrolyte for AC-based EDLCs, mitigating aging issues associated with gas generation.
  • The electrolyte's properties and the reversibility of gas-generating reactions contribute to improved supercapacitor stability and energy density.