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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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Effective atomic number estimation using kV-MV dual-energy source in LINAC.

Dousatsu Sakata1, Akihiro Haga2, Satoshi Kida2

  • 1Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Medical Physics, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|July 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) with an expanded energy gap, utilizing kV and megavoltage (MV) X-rays, accurately estimates effective atomic number (EAN). This advancement improves dose calculations in radiation therapy.

Keywords:
Cone-beam CTDual-energy CTEffective atomic numberGEANT4kV-MV

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Imaging
  • Computed Tomography

Background:

  • Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) enables measurement of effective atomic number (EAN) and electron density.
  • Accurate EAN and electron density are crucial for improving dose calculations in brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy.
  • Conventional DECT systems with limited energy ranges (<100kV) face challenges in precise EAN estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the accuracy of a novel kV-MV DECT system with an expanded energy gap for effective atomic number (EAN) estimation.
  • To evaluate the system's potential to enhance dose calculations in radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • A kV X-ray imaging device was combined with a linear accelerator (LINAC) radiotherapy system to generate X-rays in both kV and MV ranges.
  • Monte Carlo simulations (GEANT4) were used to determine the X-ray spectrum.
  • A new calibration step was implemented to derive linear attenuation coefficients, overcoming uncertainties in kV-MV DECT.
  • Image calibration was performed using inserts of known materials within a CIRS phantom.

Main Results:

  • Initial calibration with a CIRS phantom showed agreement between estimated and empirical EANs within 11%.
  • Subsequent validation with a CatPhan500 phantom demonstrated agreement within 3% for seven inserts.
  • The kV-MV DECT system, with accurate image reconstruction and spectrum determination, proved effective for EAN prediction.

Conclusions:

  • kV-MV DECT with a larger energy gap offers a significant improvement for effective atomic number (EAN) estimation.
  • This technique has the potential to enhance the accuracy of dose calculations in various radiotherapy modalities.
  • The developed calibration method is key to overcoming inherent uncertainties in multi-energy spectrum imaging.