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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Infectious pathogens may trigger specific allo-HLA reactivity via multiple mechanisms.

Lloyd D'Orsogna1, Heleen van den Heuvel2, Cees van Kooten3

  • 1Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest, Fiona Stanley Hospital and University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.

Immunogenetics
|July 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Infectious pathogens can amplify transplant rejection by enhancing immune responses to human leukocyte antigens (HLA). This review explores how infections may trigger sensitization and allograft rejection through various immune pathways.

Keywords:
AlloreactivityB cellsHLAHeterologous immunityInfectionT cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation immunology
  • Infectious disease

Background:

  • Transplant recipients develop immune sensitization to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) through prior transplants, transfusions, or pregnancies.
  • The role of infectious pathogen exposure in alloimmune sensitization and allograft rejection is debated.
  • The immune system's complex effector mechanisms in alloresponses are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential mechanisms by which infectious pathogen exposure enhances alloimmune responses.
  • To discuss the impact of infections on HLA sensitization and allograft rejection.
  • To highlight the interplay between infectious agents and the adaptive immune system in transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on alloimmunity, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
  • Analysis of immunological pathways involved in antigen presentation and T-cell activation.
  • Discussion of cross-reactivity between pathogen-specific and HLA-specific immune cells.

Main Results:

  • Infectious pathogens can enhance immune responses to allogeneic HLA antigens via multiple pathways.
  • Potential mechanisms include allo-HLA cross-reactivity with virus-specific memory T cells.
  • Activation of innate immunity and bystander activation of memory B cells may also contribute.

Conclusions:

  • Infectious pathogen exposure is a significant factor that can modulate alloimmune responses.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for improving transplant outcomes.
  • Further research into these pathways could lead to novel therapeutic strategies.