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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Reduced energy availability: implications for bone health in physically active populations.

Maria Papageorgiou1, Eimear Dolan2, Kirsty J Elliott-Sale1

  • 1Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.

European Journal of Nutrition
|July 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Low energy availability negatively impacts bone health in athletes. This review highlights the detrimental effects on bone metabolism and increased injury risk, emphasizing the need for preventative measures.

Keywords:
Bone healthBone metabolic markersEnergy availabilityFemale Athlete TriadPhysically active individualsRelative Energy Deficiency in Sports

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Bone Physiology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Energy availability (EA) is crucial for maintaining physiological functions, including bone metabolism.
  • Physically active individuals are at risk of experiencing low energy availability.
  • Understanding the impact of low EA on bone health is vital for injury prevention and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the existing literature on the effects of short- and long-term low energy availability (EA) on bone metabolism and health.
  • To synthesize current knowledge regarding bone health outcomes in physically active individuals with low EA.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of literature focusing on short-term and long-term effects of low EA.
  • Analysis of studies examining bone metabolic markers, bone mass, microarchitecture, strength, and stress fracture risk.
  • Inclusion of studies involving physically active individuals.

Main Results:

  • Short-term low EA may increase bone resorption and decrease bone formation markers, particularly in women.
  • Long-term low EA in physically active individuals is associated with lower bone mass, altered bone metabolism favoring resorption, reduced bone strength, and increased stress fracture risk.
  • Bone metabolic responses to low EA in physically active men require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced energy availability exerts a negative influence on bone health in both the short and long term.
  • Efforts should be made to prevent low energy availability in physically active individuals.
  • Further research, including interventions, is needed to understand the long-term effects of low EA and the pathophysiology of bone alterations.