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Related Concept Videos

Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Steps in the Modeling Process01:14

Steps in the Modeling Process

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Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
Attention is the first necessary component for observational learning. It involves focusing on what the model is doing and saying. For example, if you decide to take a drawing class to enhance your skills, you need to pay close attention to the instructor's words and hand movements. The characteristics of the model significantly...
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Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

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Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
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Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

993

Visual Perceptual Learning and Models.

Barbara Dosher1, Zhong-Lin Lu2

  • 1Department of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92617;

Annual Review of Vision Science
|July 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual perceptual learning enhances task performance through practice. This improvement stems from integrated brain networks, not just the primary visual cortex, impacting sensory processing and decision-making.

Keywords:
modelsoptimizationperceptual learningplasticitysignal-to-noisestability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Visual perceptual learning (VPL) improves task performance via practice.
  • Historically attributed to primary visual cortex plasticity.
  • Now understood as network-level improvements balancing plasticity and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review phenomena, theories, and effects of VPL.
  • Highlight the role of computational models in VPL research.
  • Explore VPL's impact on signal, noise, and decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of perceptual learning studies.
  • Analysis of theoretical frameworks for VPL.
  • Discussion of computational modeling approaches.

Main Results:

  • VPL involves integrated brain networks beyond primary visual cortex.
  • VPL affects signal and noise processing in visual perception.
  • Reweighting sensory inputs to decision is a key mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • VPL is a complex network phenomenon.
  • Computational models are crucial for understanding VPL mechanisms.
  • VPL optimization has real-world application potential.