Mechanically durable liquid-impregnated honeycomb surfaces

Liquid repellent surfaces typically work by keeping the fouling liquid in a metastable state, with trapped pockets of air between the substrate and the liquid. An alternative method with greater long-term stability utilizes liquid-impregnated surfaces, where the liquid being repelled slides over an immiscible liquid immobilized on a porous surface. Here, we report a method for creating honeycomb surfaces amenable to liquid-impregnation. Polystyrene dissolved in a water-immiscible, volatile solvent was deposited in a humid environment on a variety of substrates to achieve the necessary porosity. Evaporative cooling results in condensation of water in a breath figure array of droplets, forming a sacrificial template for the drying polymer film. These honeycomb surfaces were further functionalized with fluorosilane and dipped in the lubricating liquid to result in a durable, liquid-repellent surface. These surfaces were found to exhibit repellency towards water and oils with extremely low tilt angles due to the smooth liquid-liquid contact between the lubricating liquid and the liquid being repelled.