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Updated: Feb 26, 2026
Fracture Apparatus Design and Protocol Optimization for Closed-stabilized Fractures in Rodents
Published on: August 14, 2018
Worldwide Fracture Prediction.
Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan1, Marlene Chakhtoura1, Jane A Cauley2
1Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
Osteoporosis screening and diagnosis are evolving with risk assessment tools, as access to bone mineral density (BMD) scans is limited globally. Guidelines increasingly incorporate fracture risk calculators for targeted treatment strategies.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Geriatrics
- Public Health
Background:
- Rising burden of non-communicable diseases, particularly osteoporosis.
- Limited global access to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone mineral density (BMD) measurement.
- Need for efficient and targeted osteoporosis screening and diagnosis strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- Review and compare various osteoporosis screening and diagnosis tools.
- Provide an overview of global osteoporosis treatment guidelines.
- Analyze the development, validation, and limitations of risk assessment tools.
Main Methods:
- Comparative analysis of 48 available osteoporosis risk assessment tools.
- Review of national treatment guidelines from 36 countries.
- Evaluation of tool validation and performance in population-based settings.
Main Results:
- Risk calculators have shifted osteoporosis screening and management paradigms.
- Key validated tools include FRAX, QFracture, ORAI, OST, and others.
- 30 out of 52 national guidelines incorporate FRAX-derived risk for treatment initiation.
Conclusions:
- No single osteoporosis screening or management tool is universally applicable.
- Guidelines should be tailored to country-specific needs and resources.
- Further epidemiological data is needed to validate tools and refine care pathways.
