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Allergic Reactions02:06

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
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Component-resolved diagnosis in hymenoptera allergy.

D Antolín-Amérigo1, B Ruiz-León2, E Boni3

  • 1Servicio de Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune-Alergia, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.

Allergologia Et Immunopathologia
|July 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Component-resolved diagnosis offers a new approach to venom allergy testing. This review covers key allergens from Apis mellifera and Vespula vulgaris, advancing molecular diagnostics in Hymenoptera venom allergy.

Keywords:
AllergyAnaphylaxisApisComponent resolved diagnosisCross-reactivityHymenopteraInsect stingsPolistesVespula

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Area of Science:

  • Allergen immunotherapy and diagnostics
  • Molecular allergology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) utilizes purified natural and recombinant allergens for precise venom allergy diagnosis.
  • Established CRD knowledge focuses on Apis mellifera (honey bee) and Vespula vulgaris (yellow jacket) venoms.
  • Emerging Hymenoptera venom allergies, particularly from Polistes species, require further molecular characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of allergens for component-resolved diagnosis in Hymenoptera venom allergy.
  • To summarize current knowledge on molecular diagnostics for venom allergies.
  • To highlight advancements in identifying and characterizing venom allergens.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on Hymenoptera venom allergens and molecular diagnostics.
  • Analysis of characterized allergens from Apis mellifera and Vespula vulgaris.
  • Discussion of the role of component-resolved diagnosis in clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Key allergens identified in Apis mellifera include phospholipase A2 (Api m1), hyaluronidase (Api m2), and melittin (Api m4).
  • New allergens identified in Vespula vulgaris include phospholipase A1 (Ves v1), hyaluronidase (Ves v2), and antigen 5 (Ves v5).
  • Limited allergen information is available for Polistes species, despite their increasing role in European allergies.

Conclusions:

  • Component-resolved diagnosis represents a significant advancement in diagnosing venom allergies.
  • Further research is needed to identify and characterize allergens from understudied Hymenoptera species like Polistes.
  • Molecular diagnostics are crucial for accurate Hymenoptera venom allergy management.