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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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In everyday conversation, accelerating means speeding up. Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv, therefore the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Since velocity is a vector, it can change in magnitude, direction, or both. Thus acceleration is a change in speed or direction, or both. For example, if a runner traveling at 10 km/h due east slows to a stop, reverses direction, and continues their run at 10 km/h...
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An object undergoing circular motion, like a race car, is accelerating because it is changing the direction of its velocity. This centrally directed acceleration is called centripetal acceleration. This acceleration acts along the radius of the curved path (thus is also referred to as radial acceleration).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy
07:36

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

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Cavitation onset caused by acceleration.

Zhao Pan1, Akihito Kiyama2, Yoshiyuki Tagawa3

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cavitation, the formation and collapse of bubbles, causes damage in many industries. A new dimensionless term accurately predicts acceleration-induced cavitation onset, unlike traditional velocity-based methods.

Keywords:
accelerating fluidbubble collapsebubble formationcavitationvaporization

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Material science

Background:

  • Cavitation, the formation and collapse of bubbles, causes damage in industrial applications like pipes and ship propellers.
  • Accurate prediction of cavitation onset is crucial for preventing damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cause of bottle shattering due to impact.
  • To develop a more accurate method for predicting acceleration-induced cavitation onset.

Main Methods:

  • High-speed photography to observe bubble formation and collapse.
  • Derivation of a new dimensionless term from the equation of motion.

Main Results:

  • Identified cavitation, not impulsive force, as the cause of bottle shattering.
  • The new dimensionless term accurately predicts acceleration-induced cavitation onset.
  • Experimental validation by two independent research groups confirmed the new criteria.

Conclusions:

  • The conventional cavitation number is inadequate for predicting acceleration-induced cavitation.
  • A novel dimensionless term, dependent on acceleration and fluid depth, provides a universal criterion for cavitation onset.