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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

1.8K
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

1.5K
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
1.5K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

853
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
853
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

2.0K
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
2.0K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

1.0K
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
1.0K
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

1.5K
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
1.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization

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Is this a seizure?

Giulio Franceschet1, Marta Mazzucato1, Simona Censi1

  • 1Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.

Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism : the Official Journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases
|July 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) use can cause severe hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Prompt supplementation and PPI cessation restored mineral balance in a patient with epilepsy.

Keywords:
hypocalcaemiahypoparathyroidismmagnesiumprotom pump inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used for acid-related disorders.
  • Long-term PPI use has been associated with various electrolyte disturbances.
  • This case highlights potential complications in a patient with diabetes and hiatal hernia.

Observation:

  • A 65-year-old woman presented with suspected epileptic crisis.
  • She had a history of diabetes and hiatal hernia, treated with PPIs for 8 years.
  • Initial investigations revealed hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperparathyroidism, and severe hypovitaminosis D.

Findings:

  • Malabsorption and magnesium loss were excluded as causes.
  • Discontinuation of PPIs, vitamin D supplementation, and calcium/magnesium therapy normalized electrolyte levels.
  • This suggests PPIs were the likely cause of the observed deficiencies.

Implications:

  • Routine monitoring of magnesium, calcium, and vitamin D is crucial in long-term PPI users.
  • Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing PPIs for extended durations.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering drug-induced nutrient deficiencies in patients with unexplained symptoms.