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Related Concept Videos

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...
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Related Experiment Video

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Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography
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Rapid systemic delivery of zolmitriptan using an adhesive dermally applied microarray.

Donald J Kellerman1, Mahmoud Ameri1, Stewart J Tepper2

  • 1Zosano Pharma, 34790 Ardentech Court, Fremont, CA 94555, USA.

Pain Management
|July 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The Adhesive Dermally-Applied Microarray (ADAM) offers rapid zolmitriptan delivery for migraine treatment, comparable to injections. This novel drug delivery system shows faster absorption and a promising pharmacokinetic profile with mild side effects.

Keywords:
Adhesive Dermally-Applied Microarraydrug deliveryheadacheintradermalmigrainetriptanzolmitriptan

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Migraine treatment often relies on systemic drug administration with variable absorption rates.
  • Novel drug delivery systems are needed to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
  • The Adhesive Dermally-Applied Microarray (ADAM) is a new device for intracutaneous drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of zolmitriptan delivered via the ADAM device.
  • To compare zolmitriptan absorption from ADAM to other administration routes.
  • To assess the safety and tolerability of zolmitriptan delivered by ADAM.

Main Methods:

  • A pharmacokinetic study involving 20 healthy volunteers.
  • Administration of zolmitriptan using the ADAM device.
  • Analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time to determine pharmacokinetic parameters.

Main Results:

  • Median time to maximum concentration (tmax) was less than 20 minutes, comparable to subcutaneous sumatriptan.
  • Zolmitriptan absorption from ADAM was faster than oral administration, with higher initial exposure.
  • Adverse events were generally mild, consistent with triptan use, and application site reactions resolved within 24 hours.

Conclusions:

  • ADAM provides rapid intracutaneous delivery of zolmitriptan.
  • The pharmacokinetic profile of ADAM-delivered zolmitriptan is promising for effective migraine management.
  • ADAM represents a potentially effective and well-tolerated alternative for migraine therapy.