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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

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Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Correction: Jiménez-Sánchez et al. Antioxidant Enzymes Genetic Variants Associated with Urticaria/Angioedema Induced by Cross-Reactive Hypersensitivity to Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. <i>Pharmaceuticals</i> 2026, <i>19</i>, 522.

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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
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Update on Quinolone Allergy.

Inmaculada Doña1, Esther Moreno2,3, Natalia Pérez-Sánchez4

  • 1Allergy Unit, Pabellón 6, primera planta, IBIMA Regional University Hospital of Malaga-UMA (Pavillion C, Hospital Civil), Plaza del Hospital Civil, 29009, Malaga, Spain. inmadd@hotmail.com.

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
|July 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Allergic reactions to quinolones, including anaphylaxis and maculopapular exanthema, are increasing. Drug provocation testing is the gold standard for diagnosis, though avoidance or desensitization is key for management.

Keywords:
AnaphylaxisBasophil activation testDrug provocation testMaculopapular exanthemaQuinoloneSkin test

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Quinolones are synthetic antibiotics frequently used for infections.
  • Increased quinolone prescriptions correlate with rising hypersensitivity reactions.
  • Understanding these reactions is crucial for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical presentations of quinolone allergy.
  • To summarize diagnostic methods for quinolone hypersensitivity.
  • To outline management strategies for allergic reactions to quinolones.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical presentations.
  • Analysis of diagnostic techniques including skin tests and drug provocation.
  • Evaluation of management strategies like avoidance and desensitization.

Main Results:

  • Common reactions include immediate anaphylaxis and delayed maculopapular exanthema.
  • Diagnosis is challenging due to unreliable history, false-positive skin tests, and unvalidated in vitro tests.
  • Drug provocation testing is the gold standard but carries risks. Cross-reactivity is difficult to predict.
  • Hypersensitivity may be linked to beta-lactam and neuromuscular blocking agent allergies.

Conclusions:

  • Avoidance of the causative quinolone is essential.
  • Desensitization is necessary when quinolones are the sole treatment option.
  • Accurate diagnosis and management of quinolone allergy remain complex.