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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
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Mitochondria are not captive bacteria.

Ajith Harish1, Charles G Kurland2

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Section of Structural and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|July 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial evolution was likely autogenic, not endosymbiotic. Analysis shows most mitochondrial protein domains existed in the universal common ancestor, suggesting parallel evolution of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The endosymbiotic theory proposed mitochondria originated from free-living prokaryotes.
  • This theory has been widely accepted for decades to explain eukaryotic cell origins.
  • Previous models focused on specific organelles, like flagella, which were refuted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically analyze the origins of the mitochondrial proteome.
  • To re-evaluate the endosymbiotic hypothesis using genome evolution models.
  • To investigate the evolutionary relationship between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mitochondrial protein domains and their bacterial/archaeal homologues.
  • Application of empirical genome evolution models.
  • Phylogenetic reconstruction based on genome-scale data.

Main Results:

  • 97% of modern mitochondrial protein domains were present in the universal common ancestor (UCA).
  • Eukaryotes and Akaryotes (bacteria and archaea) evolved independently from the UCA.
  • No significant inter-lineage exchange of coding sequences was detected.

Conclusions:

  • The mitochondrial proteome likely evolved autogenically (internally).
  • The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria is not supported by this proteome analysis.
  • Eukaryotes and prokaryotes represent parallel evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor.