Hallucinations: theoretical and clinical overview

The authors review the literature on hallucinations; provide theoretical background on these phenomena from physiological, biochemical, and psychological points of view; and discuss the presentations of hallucinations in different diagnostic categories. The longstanding notion that hallucinations are to be equated with schizophrenia, they conclude, is clearly unfounded, and hallucinations are never pathognomonic of any given disorder but can be relatively specific for some conditions. Current knowledge and methods of research have produced no single mechanism to account for the etiology or pathogenesis of hallucinations. The authors present an integrated approach toward viewing the etiology and clinical presentation of hallucinations that involves concepts of biological vulnerability and psychological influences.