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Open-Source Automated Mapping Four-Point Probe.

Handy Chandra1, Spencer W Allen2, Shane W Oberloier3

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA. handyc@mtu.edu.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Scientists developed an open source four-point probe (OS4PP) system using 3-D printing for automated sheet resistance measurements. This cost-effective instrument offers high accuracy and comparable electrical performance to commercial systems.

Keywords:
3-D platformITOTCOconductivityfour-point probeindium tin oxidelibre hardwareopen source hardwaresheet resistancetransparent conducting oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • 3-D printing offers a platform for creating open-source scientific equipment.
  • Automated measurement systems are crucial for characterizing material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, low-cost instrument for automated large-area four-point probe measurements.
  • To detail the design and implementation of a 3-D printed measurement device.

Main Methods:

  • Conversion of a RepRap 3-D printer into a 2-D open source four-point probe (OS4PP) system.
  • Development of custom open-source software and firmware for instrument operation.
  • Validation using discrete resistors and indium tin oxide (ITO) samples, with comparisons to commercial systems.

Main Results:

  • OS4PP demonstrated <1% error for resistors (10 Ω to 1 MΩ).
  • Automated 3-D mapping of sheet resistance revealed non-uniformities in large-area ITO samples.
  • Measurements were within the same order of magnitude as two proprietary systems.

Conclusions:

  • The OS4PP system provides a cost-effective (<70% of manual proprietary systems) alternative for automated sheet resistance measurements.
  • It achieves 100-micron positional accuracy, suitable for large-area analysis.
  • This open-source approach democratizes access to advanced material characterization tools.