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Related Concept Videos

Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

629
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
629
Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

396
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
396
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

389
Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
389
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

492
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
492
Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete01:28

Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete

426
Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
426
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

319
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Optimising Ambient Setting Bayer Derived Fly Ash Geopolymers.

Evan Jamieson1,2, Catherine S Kealley3, Arie van Riessen4

  • 1School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. evan.jamieson@curtin.edu.au.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created a novel cement alternative using industrial waste like red mud and fly ash. This geopolymer material can be produced at ambient temperatures, offering a sustainable solution for large-scale applications.

Keywords:
Bayer liquorambient curingfly ashgeopolymer

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • The Bayer process generates significant red mud waste, while coal combustion produces fly ash.
  • Both industrial byproducts require extensive impoundment, posing environmental challenges.
  • Geopolymers offer a potential alternative to traditional cement, utilizing waste materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of creating geopolymers from Bayer process liquor and fly ash.
  • To optimize geopolymer production for ambient curing conditions, enabling large-scale application.
  • To demonstrate the versatility of this geopolymerization process with different fly ash sources.

Main Methods:

  • Combining Bayer liquor (a byproduct of alumina extraction) with fly ash.
  • Oven curing to establish baseline compressive strength.
  • Optimizing mix design and curing conditions for ambient temperature hardening.
  • Testing geopolymer compressive strength using fly ash from two distinct power stations.

Main Results:

  • Geopolymers with compressive strength exceeding 40 MPa were achieved after oven curing.
  • Successful ambient curing of Bayer liquor-fly ash geopolymers was demonstrated.
  • Geopolymers were successfully produced using fly ash from two different power stations, indicating process versatility.

Conclusions:

  • Bayer liquor and fly ash can be combined to create effective geopolymers.
  • Ambient curing optimization allows for practical, large-scale production of these sustainable materials.
  • The geopolymerization process shows versatility with different fly ash sources, supporting broad industrial application.