Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.5K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.5K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.7K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.7K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

10.0K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
10.0K
Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

2.6K
The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
2.6K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.6K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
3.6K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.6K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<b>New species and a new record of Corylophidae (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea) from South Korea</b>.

Zootaxa·2026
Same author

3D Printing of Bioactive Glass-Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Scaffolds for Patient-Specific Bone Implants.

Tissue engineering. Part A·2026
Same author

Hydrogels and Organogels for Local Anesthetic Delivery: Advances, Challenges, and Translational Perspectives.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Inflammation-Responsive Hydrogels in Perioperative Pain and Wound Management: Design Strategies and Emerging Potential.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Hydrogels in Cardiac Surgery: Versatile Platforms for Tissue Repair, Adhesion Prevention, and Localized Therapeutics.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

<i>Australosagola</i>, a new genus of pselaphine beetles from southern Australia (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae, Faronitae) with descriptions of seven new species.

ZooKeys·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness
11:09

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

Published on: April 1, 2018

8.5K

Development of Styrene-Grafted Polyurethane by Radiation-Based Techniques.

Jin-Oh Jeong1, Jong-Seok Park2, Youn-Mook Lim3

  • 1Radiation Research Division for Industry and Environment, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Korea. jinoh0209@kaeri.re.kr.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study grafted styrene onto polyurethane using gamma irradiation, enhancing its properties as an impact modifier for non-polar polymers. Radiation techniques show promise for creating advanced composite materials.

Keywords:
gamma-irradiationgrafting polymerizationpolyurethanestyrene

More Related Videos

Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces
08:50

Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

Published on: September 26, 2014

10.6K
Light-induced Patterning and Grafting for Slippery Surfaces based on Silane-coated Nanoporous Structures
07:23

Light-induced Patterning and Grafting for Slippery Surfaces based on Silane-coated Nanoporous Structures

Published on: November 14, 2025

440

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness
11:09

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

Published on: April 1, 2018

8.5K
Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces
08:50

Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

Published on: September 26, 2014

10.6K
Light-induced Patterning and Grafting for Slippery Surfaces based on Silane-coated Nanoporous Structures
07:23

Light-induced Patterning and Grafting for Slippery Surfaces based on Silane-coated Nanoporous Structures

Published on: November 14, 2025

440

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Radiation Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyurethane (PU) is a versatile thermosetting resin with excellent hardness and heat resistance, widely used in electronics and automotive industries.
  • Its application as an impact modifier for non-polar polymers is limited by poor combustion and impact resistance.
  • Developing effective impact modifiers is crucial for expanding polyurethane's material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance polyurethane's compatibility with non-polar polymers by introducing a hydrophobic monomer.
  • To improve the impact and combustion resistance of polyurethane-based composites.
  • To explore the efficacy of radiation-based techniques for polymer modification.

Main Methods:

  • Grafting of styrene (hydrophobic monomer) onto polyurethane using gamma irradiation at 25 and 50 kGy.
  • Verification of styrene grafting using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and ¹H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR).
  • Characterization of modified polyurethane using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and contact angle analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successful introduction of styrene onto the polyurethane backbone was confirmed via spectroscopic methods (ATR-FTIR, ¹H-NMR).
  • Surface and thermal properties were analyzed, indicating successful modification.
  • The study demonstrated the feasibility of using gamma irradiation to create functional polymer composites.

Conclusions:

  • Gamma irradiation is an effective method for grafting styrene onto polyurethane.
  • The modified polyurethane shows potential as an improved impact modifier for non-polar polymers.
  • Radiation-based techniques offer a pathway to developing high-performance composite materials.