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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Membrane Functionalization with Hyperbranched Polymers.

Agnes Schulze1, Marco Went2, Andrea Prager3

  • 1Leibniz Institute of Surface Functionalization, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig D-04318, Germany. agnes.schulze@iom-leipzig.de.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modifying polymer membranes with hyperbranched polymers improved hydrophilicity but did not prevent fouling by charged proteins. Electrostatic repulsion proved to be the key factor in avoiding membrane fouling.

Keywords:
hyperbranched polymerspolymer membranesprotein adsorptionsurface functionalizationzeta potential

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Polymer membranes are crucial in separation processes.
  • Membrane fouling, particularly by proteins, reduces efficiency.
  • Surface modification aims to enhance membrane performance and anti-fouling properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To modify polymer membranes using hyperbranched polymers to create hydrophilic functional groups.
  • To investigate the impact of surface modification on membrane fouling by proteins.
  • To determine the primary mechanism preventing membrane fouling.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of polymer membranes with hyperbranched polymers bearing amino, alcohol, or carboxylic acid end groups.
  • Characterization of surface potential and charge changes.
  • Assessment of membrane fouling properties using three model proteins: albumin, lysozyme, and myoglobin.

Main Results:

  • Hyperbranched polymer modification significantly altered membrane surface potential and charge.
  • Hydrophilization alone was insufficient to prevent fouling by charged proteins.
  • Electrostatic repulsion between the membrane surface and proteins was identified as a critical factor in fouling prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Surface hydrophilicity enhancement is not sufficient to mitigate fouling by charged proteins.
  • Controlling surface charge and inducing electrostatic repulsion is essential for effective anti-fouling strategies in membranes.
  • Hyperbranched polymers offer a route to tune membrane surface properties for improved fouling resistance.