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Related Concept Videos

Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

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Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood
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Sleepiness in Children: An Update.

Gustavo Antonio Moreira1, Marcia Pradella-Hallinan2

  • 1Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, São Paulo, São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 598, São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil.

Sleep Medicine Clinics
|August 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sleepiness affects 4% of children, impacting learning, behavior, and health. Addressing underlying sleep issues is crucial for improving children

Keywords:
ChildrenDaytime somnolenceNarcolepsyObstructive sleep apneaSleep deprivationSleepiness

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Sleep Medicine
  • Child Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Adequate sleep is fundamental for children's cognitive functions, academic success, and overall health.
  • Childhood sleepiness, affecting approximately 4% of the pediatric population, is linked to significant daytime impairments.
  • Various medical conditions, including chronic pain, movement disorders, and sleep-disordered breathing, contribute to excessive daytime sleepiness in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted consequences of reduced sleep duration and sleepiness in children.
  • To explore the relationship between sleep disturbances and behavioral, cognitive, and physiological outcomes.
  • To highlight the utility of parent-report questionnaires in assessing subjective sleepiness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on childhood sleepiness.
  • Analysis of the impact of sleep deficits on cognitive performance and behavior.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools for evaluating pediatric sleepiness.

Main Results:

  • Shortened sleep duration in children leads to daytime sleepiness, behavioral issues, cognitive deficits, and poorer academic performance.
  • Sleepiness is associated with increased inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.
  • Parental reports are valuable for identifying subjective sleepiness in children.

Conclusions:

  • Sleepiness in children has wide-ranging negative effects on development and well-being.
  • Identifying and treating primary sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy or circadian rhythm disorders, is essential.
  • Comprehensive assessment, including parental input, is key to managing pediatric sleepiness.